Month: September 2020

According to Sumita Singha, a practicing architect and academic who has worked in India, France, Spain and the UK, strangely enough, diversity and equality are ‘taboo’ words in architectural education. Considered to be liberal and creative, way above what is considered ‘political correctness’, most architects do not see the elephant in the room. While architecture is getting better at talking about equality and diversity, it still remains a profession of middle-aged white men, and architectural education appears to be symptomatic.

Diversity in architectural education takes many forms – it can manifest itself as diversity in people, be it students, academia or practicing designers as the education’s final product, in the course or curricula, and the way it is taught.

Rich architecture is impossible without influences from diverse bodies of knowledge and experience brought on the table by representatives of various cultures, sexes and ages. For built environment to reflect the society, architecture should be a representation of the population as a whole, which means architectural education should be as inclusive as possible. Unlike some other professional courses, where the output is  standardized all over the world, such as medicine or engineering, architecture is specific to the context, with factors like aesthetics, environmental conditions, etc varying widely in different cultures. This makes the architectural course extremely demanding and complex.

At the same time, with its widely accepted culture of excessive working hours, a growing debt problem, and elitism, architecture is considered to be one of the most challenging courses. It takes one from seven to ten years to qualify as an architect. It is estimated that each architecture student spends more than 34 hours per week in studies and pull all-nighters more often than not. Material outlays, study trips and numerous associated costs make the course exuberantly expensive.

The UK is one of the leading countries to provide architectural education for both home and overseas students. Recent data shows, that although Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) students and women are well represented on architecture courses in the UK, there is a bid drop out of both female and ethnic minority students.

Research shows, that approximately 37% of architectural students are women and the percentage is increasing. This increase, however, is not reflected in the architectural profession, with the majority of them leaving the profession after qualifying. Women represent only 13% of the total amount of practicing architects. Less than 8% of women own their practices and number of female professors or Heads of Schools can be counted in one hand.

“Diversity in student body of UK is well represented in architecture,” writes Singha. “However expression of Architectural Diversity – both in the end products of graduates and buildings – is not. The first woman was admitted to the Royal Institute of British architects (RIBA) in 1898 after a hotly debated council meeting where Ethel Charles, holder of its Silver Medal (1905) won by a margin of one vote.  However, it was only in the year 2000 that RIBA adopted an Equal Opportunities policy for its staff.” Thus there has been, and still is, a lack of role models for aspiring female or BME students.

International survey reveals that among the most common reasons why women leave the profession there are many factors, such as pay gap, poor promotion prospects, discriminatory attitudes and sexist behaviour. Research from Strathclyde University suggests that sexism is something female architects face during their years of study – e.g. at ‘crits’, where students pin up their work and invited critics make points and suggestions about the work. The teaching and evaluation in architecture courses remain extremely ‘personalized’, occurring on a one-to-one basis, rather than through essays or exams. Predictably, as the tutors are mainly white older middle class men, instead of being an important source of ideas for the students, crits “turn into an arena where sexism and machoism prevail”. The solution can be found in student-centered teaching methods, such as a more extensive use of peer assessment, which implies inviting other students to critique other students.

As for BME architects in the UK, the percentage is too small to be a part of the statistics.  The BME students feel under-represented and undervalued in the profession and this is due in no small part to architectural education becoming more elitist, caused initially by high fees.

Experts believe that the fact that skilled people drop out of studies because of financial challenges and biased attitudes or leave the profession after they have qualified means serious implications for the future of architecture in general. The shrinking talent pool has a wider impact on the diversity of the profession and its output. As Harriet Harriss, dean of the Pratt Institute School of Architecture in New York, says: “The effect of reducing diversity-of-access to an architectural degree will result in the profession failing to represent the society it seeks to serve, and deplete both our relevance and credibility.”

In addition to the diversity issues as evaluated on the premise of gender or ethnicity, there is a problem of the syllabus and the teaching remaining too ‘euro-centric’. One area often lacking diversity is architectural history and theory. Kendall Nicholson, Ed.D., a licensed educator, trained architectural designer, and an avid architectural researcher, points it out that with figures like Vitruvius, Thomas Jefferson, and Le Corbusier being often the subject of the courses in question in the US, architectural history and theory is taught as traditionally European, male and modern. “And this is where we find implicit bias,” he writes. “While these names should be part of the body of knowledge, I would argue that an architect’s required awareness of history and theory should be more expansive. By excluding architecture found in non-European cultures, the curriculum, perhaps inadvertently, communicates that they are of less importance.” Additionally, these curricula often fail to recognize the contributions of female architects and designers. This is echoed by experts in the UK. “I find that architectural teaching in the UK is stuck in the past.  It is kind of strange, I look around – I see there are students from all backgrounds, not just white, and then I look at what they are studying and the language being used – it  could be from the 1940s,” says Lesley Lokko, architect, teacher, author and cultural commentator.

In other words, architecture students, no matter their origin, are taught that Western designs are more progressive than the ones offered by the vernacular traditions of their own countries. The diminishing of the cultural input of non-Western cultures is not the only result of these experiences. What is more important, after qualifying these students tend to design in the Western style. According to renowned writer, historian, and teacher, author of the concept of critical regionalism, Kenneth Frampton this leads to the fact that the architects of the so-called Third World tend to ignore comparable alternate patterns of their own culture that could with minor adaptation have been employed equally effectively in both Western and non-Western worlds.

Many architectural schools and courses are taking steps forward to diversify their curriculum. The latest edition (2014) of US’ student performance criteria issued by NAAB requires programs to ensure students have an understanding of “History and Global Culture” as well as “Cultural Diversity and Social Equity”, which is a significant evolution from the 2004 requirement that students demonstrate an understanding of “Western Traditions” and “Non-Western Traditions.” To follow these guidelines, the University of Virginia teaches courses like “World Vernacular Architecture” that feature examples from Cambodia and Morocco, while the University of Colorado Denver supplements the textbooks in architectural history with “required readings on architecture of the Middle East, East Asia, Americas and Africa.”

Architecture students of today are the architects of tomorrow. For this future not to be narrow-minded, the profession should continue to struggle with diversity issues. Without recognizing that the educational aspect of architecture seems to push the profession backwards, it would be hard to create inclusive architecture that acknowledges and respects vibrant and diverse influences of practitioners from all backgrounds.

Illustration by Sunra Thompson

Not long ago, writer and director of the Open City charity organization Phineas Harper wrote in his Twitter that the architecture profession has to face up to the fact that it has grown to be “more elitist than the most elite university in the world.” The assumption is not at all new.

‘Elitism’ in architectural schools is a recurring criticism among architecture students. According to the student survey by the UK’s Architect’s Journal, 44 per cent respondents name cost as the single biggest issue facing them and their peers, while 45 per cent believe they will never be in a position to pay back their student debt after graduation.

On top of that, Peter Lampl, founder of charity The Sutton Trust, raises concern that “not only will graduates be saddled with tens of thousands of pounds of debt, but they’re also having to shell out thousands of pounds each year for laptops, study trips and printing.” Hidden extras such as model-making, printing and study trips, as well as computers and books are becoming increasingly normalised. The research reveals that students in the UK spend around £2,000 a year on these costs.

This forces students to turn to their parents for financial help, with 81 per cent of those polled saying that their families have contributed to their education.  The extent of parental support was so significant that they acknowledge there is simply no way they could afford to study architecture without help from their parents. As one of the drop out students confesses, this not only puts greater pressure on parents, but it can also be demoralising for students wanting to be self-sustaining adults. Many students admit that the prospect of huge levels of student debt, followed by a career of modest salaries and long hours, make them start having doubts.

Predictably, students from poorer backgrounds are often left on the margin of the profession. Costs of the course, accommodation, private institutions and equipment price many talented students out of a potential career in architecture, especially when you relate that issue to the level of fees that are prevalent in the profession. According to Sumita Sunghi, this is one of the reasons cited in the 2003 CABE study of Minority Ethnic students and Architecture, as to why BME architectural students tend to drop out of studies.

The 2018 data shows that for students from BAME backgrounds, the drop-out rate is higher, at 17 per cent, than the overall percentage of drop-off among UK respondents (10%). Sonia Watson, CEO of the Stephen Lawrence Charitable Trust, which supports students from disadvantaged backgrounds into the industry, is concerned by the figures. She says: “We have always known that the huge cost of qualifying as an architect can deter young people from disadvantaged backgrounds from considering architecture as a career. The sad thing is that the rise in costs and the need for extra financial support to continue their studies seems to be hitting those from BAME backgrounds the hardest.”

Students from ethnic minority backgrounds appear to be more inclined to end their pursuit of becoming an architect early. The costs are not the only barrier to the profession. As they do not receive financial support, many BAME architecture students live at home, which means it takes them a lot longer to get into university and their sleep time is reduced.

Students raise concern that, with the cost of studying architecture ever increasing, the prospect of becoming an architect seems unattainable to those from less privileged backgrounds. It is “sending them the signal that ‘architecture is not for you’,” says Ashley Meyes, 24, Sheffield School of Architecture, Part 2 graduate, acknowledging that she wouldn’t have entertained the idea of studying architecture for 10 years if she knew what she know now. Mellissa Kirkpatrick, 23, studying on the Part 2 collaborative practice course at Sheffield University, thinks it is evident that “within architecture schools there is a move back towards it being an ‘elitist’ profession, and a sentiment that architectural education should be more of a luxury for those who can afford to go the full way to qualification, rather than essential education available to all.”

Phineas Harper draws attention to another fact he has discovered as the former deputy editor at Architecture Foundation. According to Harper, although at least 90 per cent of people in the UK receive their education from state schools, which are free to attend and funded by the government, fewer than half of architects featured in Architecture Foundation book are from state schools. This is significantly lower than the 68 per cent of new students at Cambridge University last year who went to state schools.

Harper made the comments as the UK government received intense criticism for using an algorithm intended to determine the A-level grades, which are used by universities to select new undergraduate students. The algorithm was introduced this year, as it was not possible to hold exams due to the coronavirus outbreak and the consequent lockdown. As the statistical model took into account teacher’s predictions, mock exam results and previous year’s A-Level performances at each school, pupils from state schools were disproportionately affected by the downgrade compared to those from private schools. As a result, many students missed out on university places receiving lower grades than they were predicted by their teachers.

With the existing system of teaching architecture, rewarding those who already have the most, the numbers of students abandoning their hope of becoming architects seems likely to rise.